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GEOGRAPHY (853)
Aims
1. To enable candidates to
acquire knowledge (information) and to develop an
understanding of facts, terms, symbols concepts, principles,
generalizations, hypotheses, problems, trends, processes and
methods of Geography at the national and global level. 2. To
apply the knowledge of the principles of Physical Geography in
explaining the causes and consequences of natural hazards and
suggest ways of coping with them through sustainable
development. 3. To develop skills of drawing maps, surveying,
and drawing statistical diagrams and thematic maps. 4. To
develop an interest in Geography.
CLASS XI
There will be two papers in
the subject.
Paper I Theory (3 hours)
.70 marks
Paper II Practical and
Project Work
30 marks
PAPER I: THEORY (70 Marks)
There will be one Theory paper of three hours duration divided
into two parts - Part I (30 marks) will be compulsory and will
consist of Section A and Section B. Section A will include
compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge,
application and skills related to elementary/fundamental
aspects of the entire syllabus. Section B will consist of one
question on mapwork. Part II (40 marks) will consist of seven
questions. Candidates will be required to answer four out of
seven questions. Each question in this part shall carry 10
marks. GEOGRAPHY AS A DISCIPLI E 1. Geography - its
interdisciplinary approach and future prospects Geography as
an integrating discipline. Physical Geography and
NaturalSciences; Geography and Social Sciences. Branches
of Geography: (i) Systematic approach: Physical Geography
(Geomorphology, Climatology, Hydrology); Human Geography
(Historical, Social, Population and Settlement, Economic,
Political). (ii) Regional approach: Regional/ Area Studies,
Regional Planning, Regional Development. Future prospects:
(i) In the area of GPS, GIS, Remote Sensing for resource
identification. (ii) Applied geography in town and country
planning, environment management and law, cartography and
mapping, geography education, map analysis, travel and tourism
(to be taught only for the sake of awareness, not for
testing). PRI CIPLES OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 2. Earths Interior
(i) Composition and structure. Age of the earth, theories of
the formation of the earth steady state, Big Bang and the
developments today. Materials of the earth and properties:
temperature, pressure, thickness; materials of the earths
crust: mantle, core and the intermediary layers. (ii) Rocks.
Silicates, carbonates, sulphides, metals. Classification of
rocks by origin. Charactieristics and types and the
distribution in India of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
rocks, based on texture and mineral composition. The rock
cycle. 43 3. Changing Face of the Earth Land forms and
Processes of Gradation (i) Endogenous processes: theory of
plate tectonics and the role of drifting continents and
associated landforms mountains, plateaus and plains and
their types as an outcome. Isostasy definition, theories and
concepts. The distribution of mountains, plateaus and plains
in the world; plate tectonics and the role of the drifting
continents. Processes inside the earth: nature of the earths
crust and the lithospheric plates. Folding and faulting.
Isostasy definition, theories and concepts by Pratt and A.
Holmes. (ii) Vulcanicity materials and processes. Major
volcanic forms. The concept of vulcanicity. Parts of a
volcano, cone, shield and caldera. Types of volcanoes
according to nature of explosions and frequency of eruption.
Volcanic materials. Distribution of volcanoes related to plate
tectonics. (iii) Earthquakes. Origin of earthquakes, waves and
their behaviour, hypocentre (focus), epicentre; their causes
and distribution; effects; isoseismal and homoseismal lines,
sea quakes, tsunamis; measuring earthquakes and their
intensity. Major earthquakes during the last 25 years. (iv)
Exogenetic process and associated landforms. Weathering and
gradation - difference. Role of weathering in gradation.
Different types of weathering. (v) Soil. The factors affecting
soil formation; soil profile; distribution and characteristics
of soils in the world - zonal, azonal and intrazonal only
broad characteristics related to Indian soils to be done
(detailed distribution not required). (vi) Fluvial processes
and associated landforms. Work of rivers - concept of
baselevel; processes of erosion, transportation and
deposition. Processes of erosion - mechanical, solution,
decompositon; types of erosion - headward, vertical, lateral;
transportation mode and deposition; tranport load depends on
power of the river, the gradient of slope and nature of
material carried; deposition mostly in the lower course due to
reduction in slope, so also in river course. Landforms made by
the river - gorges, rapids, waterfalls, alluvial fans, levees,
floodplains, meanders, braided channels, oxbow lakes, deltas
delta plains. Development of river valleys, drainage patterns.
Diagrams and examples from India with photographs. (vii)
Aeolian processes and associated landforms. Process of wind
erosion abrasion, attrition, deflation. Ideal conditions for
erosion in hot deserts; landforms resulting from erosion -
deflation hollows, pedestal rocks, yardangs, desert pavement,
and depositional - sand dunes and their types, sand shadows,
loess. Diagrams and examples from India and Asia. (viii)
Glacial processes and associated landforms. Continental and
mountain or valley glaciers, processes of glacial erosion
plucking, abrasion, attrition; erosional features, e.g. cirque
and its components, U shaped and hanging valleys, roche
moutonnes, depositional formations, moraines of various types.
Some Indian glaciers - Siachen, Gangotri, Baltoro. Diagrams
and examples from India. (ix) Work of ground water and
associated landforms. Water Conservation. Definiton of ground
water, watertable, acquifers, springs. Process of erosion by
groundwater solution, corrasion. Features formed by
underground water (karst topography) sink holes, dolines,
caves, caverns, karst lakes, depositional features
stalactites, stalagmites, cave pillars, dripstones: their
formation. Diagrams and examples from India and Australia. (x)
Marine processes and associated landforms. Erosional process
of sea waves abrasion, attrition, solution and hydraulic
action; coastline and shoreline, erosional features; sea
cliffs, sea caves, stacks and depositional landforms, e.g. -
bays, bars and lagoons; Coral reefs: types fringing, barrier
and atolls; submerged and emergent coastlines. Diagrams and
examples from India, Australia and West Europe (wherever
relevant). ote: For topics (vi) to (x) only diagram based
questions will be asked. Photograph based information should
be made use of to emphasize the different processes of
gradation. 4. Atmosphere (i) Compostion and structure of
atmosphere. Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere,
stratosphere, ozonosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere; its height;
composition - dust and water vapour and its quantities;
special characteristics of each layer; ozone depletion. (ii)
Atmospheric temperature. Heating and cooling of the
atmosphere, radiation, conduction, convection. Insolation and
factors influencing it angle of suns rays, duration of day,
transparency of atmosphere. Heat budget, i.e balance between
insolation and terrestrial radiation- areas of surplus and
deficit heat in different latitudes resulting in latitudinal
heat balance. Factors controlling its horizontal and vertical
distribution, temperature anomalies and their nature.
Isotherms: their chracteristics; isotherm maps of the world in
July and January. Practical work on temperature measurement
and graphs to show temperature. (iii) Atmospheric Pressure.
Its horizontal and vertical distribution, factors affecting
the distribution, characteristics of isobars on world maps for
July and January. Pressure belts and winds types of
winds, airmasses and atmospheric disturbances, cyclones of
temperate and tropical areas; anticyclones their types and
associated weather. World map showing major paths of cyclones.
Jet Streams concepts to be introduced with reference to
India. Practical work on Pressure measurement. (iv)
Atmospheric Moisture. Processes of evaporation, condensation
and precipitation; relative and absolute humidity; forms of
condensation - cloud, fog, dew, frost; precipitaion its
forms: snow, hail, rain; types of rainfall: orographic,
cyclonic, convectional origin and factors that affect.
Examples from different parts of the world. Practical work on
measuring rainfall and use of bar graphs to show rainfall. 5.
The Realms of Water (i) Submarine relief and deposits of the
Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. The depth and the
features. The sea floor deposits and their characteristics,
the importance of marine resources. (ii) Ocean water -
salinity, temperature, density. The composition of sea water
and the factors that control the distribution of salinity. (iii)Ocean
water movements. Direct and indirect tides origin, time,
spring and neap tides. Waves parts, characteristics,
formation. Currents - factors affecting currents, currents of
Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Role of currents in
modifying climates of coastal areas. Introduction to El Bino
concepts. 6. Biosphere Life on the Earth Nature of
Biosphere, concept of ecosystems, components of ecosystem.
Meaning, nature of interaction between the different
components of the biosphere. 7. A. World Climatic types Low
Latitude / tropical climates (i) Equatorial (ii) Monsoon and
tradewind littoral (iii) Wet - dry tropical (iv) Dry tropical
(desert). Mid latitude/temperate climates - (i) Mediterranean
(ii) Marine west coast (iii) Dry sub tropical (iv) Moist
subtropical (v) Moist continental (vi) Dry midlatitude (cold
deserts). 45 High latitude/polar climates - (i) Boreal (ii)
Tundra (iii) Ice sheet. Highland climates. Location, areas and
climate in each of the areas; major human activities and life
of man are to be studied. B. Climate Change causes/factors
of climatic changes in the recent past. Batural and man made
factors, with special reference to climatic changes in India.
Measures taken to adapt to these changes in urban and rural
India. MA - E VIRO ME T I TERACTIO 8. atural hazards,
their causes and management (i) Hazards of volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes. Major volcanic areas and their problems;
major earthquake prone areas - effects on land and human life.
Seismic zones of India and measures to check the fury of
earthquakes. (ii) Identification of major drought prone areas.
Characteristics of drought prone areas. Causes, problems and
remedial measures (like rain harvesting) adopted with special
reference to India. (iii) Areas prone to floods / landslides -
India. Landslides - causes, effects and measures adopted to
check (Himalayan region). The causes of flooding and checking
floods (like construction of dams and afforestation) with
special reference to India. 9. Map Work On the outline map of
the world: locating and labelling (for the examinations, some
aspects could be identified, others labelled and located) -
physical features, ocean currents, climatic regions from
Principles of Physical Geography and cities from Climatic
Regions only.
PAPER II: PRACTICAL WORK A D
PROJECT WORK (30 Marks)
Candidates will be required
to undertake the following Practical work and Project work: 1.
Practical Work Any three of the following four topics to be
undertaken. (a) Surveying - elementary principles; preparing
plans of the school compound or a small area with the help of
chain and tape. (b) Statistical diagrams - line graphs (simple
and multiple), composite bars, pie diagram, flow and star
diagram, (the data used will be that used in Paper I ). (c)
Map projections uses, construction and properties of the
following: (i) Cylindrical equal area. (ii) Simple conical
with one standard parallel. (iii) Zenithal equidistant. (d)
Aerial photographs Introduction; definition; difference
between map and an aerial photographs; uses of aerial
photographs, advantages of aerial photography. Types of Aerial
Photographs: (i) Based on the position of the cameral
axis vertical photographs, low oblique, high oblique (only
definition and explanation). (ii) Based on Scale (a) Large
scale photographs (b) Small scale photographs. Scale of Aerial
Photograph (a) by establishing of relationship between photo
distance and ground distance; (b) by establishing relationship
between photo distance and map distance. 46 2. Project Work
(Assignment) Fieldwork to understand any physical phenomena in
the local or selected area to illustrate the physical
processes (Only one topic as an assignment of not more than
10-12 pages of written text excluding pages for pictures and
maps. No extra credit will be given for computer output or
special effects. Sketches and drawings will be given credit).
(i) Take any physical feature in your immediate locality: (a)
draw sketches or take photograhs to highlight physical
features. (b) survey how these features have been used and
prepare a report. (c) suggest ways by which the area of study
could be better used keeping in view the needs of the people
of the region. (ii) Choose any island area of the world or
India and: (a) trace the map of the area and show physical
features, towns and port cities. (b) prepare a project report
using photographs and pictures from brochures and magazines to
show: - its origin and formation. - soil types, vegetation. -
human occupations. (iii) Any natural hazard like drought,
flood, erosion, landslides, etc. in a local area. Choose a
natural hazard in the local area. Describe the nature of
damage by consulting newspaper reports, studies, interviews
with local people. Identify the nature of damage before and
after land, building, public property, soil, vegetation,
animals, etc. What are the chances of it occuring again and
what precautions are being taken?
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