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GEOGRAPHY (853)
Aims
1. To enable candidates to
acquire knowledge (information) and to develop an
understanding of facts, terms, symbols concepts, principles,
generalizations, hypotheses, problems, trends, processes and
methods of Geography at the national and global level. 2. To
apply the knowledge of the principles of Physical Geography in
explaining the causes and consequences of natural hazards and
suggest ways of coping with them through sustainable
development. 3. To develop skills of drawing maps, surveying,
and drawing statistical diagrams and thematic maps. 4. To
develop an interest in Geography.
CLASS XII
There will be two papers in
the subject. Paper I Theory (3 hours) ...70 marks Paper II
Practical/Project Work
30 marks PAPER I: THEORY (70 Marks)
There will be one Theory paper of three hours duration divided
into two parts - Part I (30 marks) will be compulsory
and will consist of Section A and Section B. Section A will
include compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge,
application and skills related to elementary/fundamental
aspects of the entire syllabus. Section B will consist of one
question on mapwork. Part II (40 marks) will consist of seven
questions. Candidates will be required to answer four out of
seven questions. Each question in this part shall carry 10
marks. I DIA I THE WORLDS CO TEXT 1. Physical Environment (i)
Locational setting - India: size and area. Present importance
of the location of India with reference to the Indian Ocean
Rim countries and the Northern and Western frontiers.
Comparison with China and Australia. Extent, position
with reference to latitude and longitude, length of coastline
and frontiers with neighbouring countries. The locational
advantages of India in the Indian Ocean and as a subcontinent.
(ii) Structure of India Geological formation, relief and
drainage; major physiographic divisions and their
characteristics. Outline of the geological evolution and
structure; the three- old physiographic divisions - major
relief features with reference to their extent, altitude,
slope and landforms characteristics, drainage (i.e. rivers)
and drainage systems. Comparison of Himalayan and Peninsular
rivers. (iii) Climate: India - Factors affecting Indias
climate: Temperature - factors affecting temperature;
Atmospheric pressure conditions during the year; origin and
mechanism of the monsoon, Jet streams, Southern Oscillations;
wind and rainfall distribution during the year;
characteristics of the four main seasons - hot and dry, hot
and wet, cool and dry, cool and wet with reference to
temperature distribution in north and south India, pressure,
wind conditions distribution of resultant rainfall;
variability of rainfall, incidence of droughts and floods.
Temperature and rainfall graphs of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata,
Chennai, Jaisalmer, Leh, Hyderabad. Role of various factors
affecting Indian climate; understanding of the concept and
mechanism of monsoon; comparison of seasonal cycle in
different seasons. Explanation of the variability of rainfall.
(iv) atural vegetation: Major vegetation types of India, their
geographical distribution with reference to rainfall and
temperature conditions description of the important tree
types and their adaptation to the climate. Forest area
covered, importance, use, misuse and potential both for
exploitation and conservation. Present forest policy.
Classification of vegetation types and their geographical
distribution and adaptation; importance of the trees in these
forests. Potential and exploitation. Our policy of
conservation. 2. Population and Human settlements (i)
Population of India compared to six countries - China,
Australia, USA, Canada, Russia and Brazil. Population of India
as compared to the other six countries with reference to
percentage of world population and Indias position in
comparison. 48 (ii) National and State level patterns of
population distribution. Identification of distinctive
patterns shown by dots on a map of India and explanation of
the factors landforms, climate, accessibility and level of
development that result in this pattern. Comparison of the
distribution at State level. (iii) Pattern of population
growth in the last three decades; implications for
development. Batural growth rate and absolute growth of
population to be defined. Population growth of India at
national level trends for 1921, 1951 and 1981-2001. Impact
of rapid growth rate on economic development; some general
conclusions. (iv) Migration trends over the last 25 years.
Types and trends of migration between States; economic,
political and social causes for migration, comparing the
consequences of migration in the cities and rural areas. (v)
Demographic attributes at National level - trends and patterns
of: 1. Rural urban population 2. Age and sex composition 3.
Literacy levels 4. Working and nonworking population;
implications for development. Study of the trends of rural
urban composition, sex ratio at the country level in the 1981
and 2001 census. Age and sex ratio. Statewise working
population to total population, literacy level of males and
females for the latest census figures. (vi) Rural settlements
size and number of villages in 2001. Types and patterns in
hill areas, plains and coastal locations. Size and
classification of villages as per the 2001 census; determining
the factors affecting the types and spacing of rural
settlements in plains, coastal areas, mountains and plateau
areas. (vii) Urban settlements size classification of towns
in 2001. Study of population growth in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
and Chennai since 1951 till 2001. Trends of urbanization and
factors that influence the growth of urban centres in India.
Problems of urban growth; advantages of urban growth. 3.
Resources of India and their Utilisation (i) Land resources:
Land use pattern in India quality of cultivable land, size
of land holdings. Defining the term land resource; its
importance and problems. Land use pattern, availability of
arable land quality and size of cultivable land holdings.
Land degradation, soil erosion, water-logging in India. (ii)
Water resources and types of irrigation. Sources of
irrigation: wells, tanks, tube wells; advantages and
disadvantages of each method. Modern methods: tube wells,
multipurpose projects, Perennial canals, sprinkler irrigation
- advantages and disadvantages, use and misuse of water for
irrigation and dangers of over watering. Study of alternative
methods of irrigation. (iii) Agriculture: Types, development
and problems. (a) Wet and dry farming, crop rotation and crop
combination, intensity of cropping, problems of Indian
agriculture; use of technology in agriculture. Modern inputs,
change over from subsistence to commercial agriculture, need
for Green Revolution. Diversifying Indian agriculture
importance of animal husbandry. Wet and dry agriculture:
location of areas, crops associated, intensity of cropping,
concept and its expression; subsistence type, advantages of
crops grown and use of new technology. Diversification of
Indian agriculture. (b) Comparative study of: (i) Conditions
of growth (soil, temperature, rainfall requirements, crop
seasons, secondary crops cultivated with them) (ii) World
production and Indias position (iii) Major producing States
in 49 India and their rank as producers of the following
crops: Food grains - Rice (China/Japan), Wheat
(China/Pakistan), Coarse grains Sorghum (Jowar, Maize),
Pennisetum (Bajra or Camboo), Eleusine (Ragi), pulses. (India,
inter-state ). Commercial and Industrial crops Coffee (Nilgiris
and N.E. India), Tea (Sri Lanka), Cotton (Pakistan), Sugarcane
(China), Jute (Bangladesh), oilseed cultivation in India
particularly of Groundnut, Coconut (Sri Lanka). Importance of
Market Gardening and Orchard Farming reasons and trends in
development in recent years. Self-explanatory. (iv) Fishing in
India, Japan and Bangladesh. Areas, methods, types of fish
caught, fishing grounds; factors affecting the importance and
development, fishing ports and markets, need and methods of
fish conservation. Recent Indian Fisheries Policy. (v)
Minerals and power resources. Iron ore, manganese, mica,
petroleum, coal, Buclear power resources. Thermal, hydel power
and nuclear power generation in India. Bon conventional
sources of energy areas and production. Conservation of
natural resources - need and methods. State level distribution
of energy consumption and production. (Emphasis to be on the
use and analysis of maps showing distribution, production,
consumption). 4. Infrastructural Resources (Development of
Transport and Communication). (a) Railways Roadways Water
transport (inland and coastal) air transport- pipelines -
these modes of transport are to be studied with regard to (i)
Location and state wise distribution of air, road and rail
routes, natural and economic factors that govern their
distribution; density and growth. Patterns in India. The
present position, areas well and poorly served by each mode,
(map showing the distribution pattern of railways, roadways,
airways, canal ways and major ports). Problems comparative
advantage of each mode of transport, national goals to be
achieved in the development of modes of transport. (ii) Ports,
their location and advantage; major exports and imports of
different ports. Nature and direction of trade from the ports.
International trading patterns and products in the last five
years. (b) Communication importance of communication in
rural development and its policy. Importance of infrastructure
as key to the development of an industrial economy. Modern
means of communication to be highlighted so as to understand
the way these act as support system to the development of the
national economy and rural areas, even the most remote parts
of the country. Advantage of satellites and remote sensing -
Geographic Information Systems, their use today. 5. Industries
(a) Study of the location and distribution of
important industrial centres; a general comparison of
disparities.
(b) Major and minor industrial regions factors governing
their growth. (c) Location, production and growth of the
following industries: (i) Agro based industries Sugar,
cotton textile and ready-made garments. (ii) Mineral based
industries Iron and steel, aluminium, cement, and transport
equipment. Petrochemicals, including refineries and
fertilizers. Maps and sketches of industrial centresindustrial
regions- location of agro based and mineral based industries
(only those identified) will be the basis for explaining the
pattern of industrial development. Factors responsible for the
origin and development and present status of the industries
contribution to the production in India in the last decade. 50
(d) Tourism industry Major natural and cultural tourist
areas in India. Their special features and level of
development - impact on environment and local economy. Tourist
flows. Concept, characteristics and types in India today:
importance given; the nature of Indian environment and
history; positive and negative impact of mass based tourism,
problems and remedial measures for developing eco-tourism. Map
showing important tourist routes in India. 6. Regional
Economic Development (Case studies) Case studies will be
preceded by a brief understanding of the meaning of
development, multilevel planning and planning regions. These
case studies will be undertaken with reference to the
advantages and disadvantages that have accrued to the people
and area - aspects covered will be their geographical
location, resource base, developmental history, present trends
of population, occupations, agriculture and industrial
activities, issues of development. 1. Area development in
Chattisgarh region mining, silk industry and farming. 2.
Electronics industry in Bangalore reasons for its
development, extent, national and international linkages and
problems. 3. Growth of Haldia port, its industries and
hinterland. 7. Map Work A question on map work will be set as
follows: Marking locations and distributions of features and
areas pertaining to the items studied in topics 1-6
above, using appropriate symbols/colour tints or shades in an
outline map of India. Self- explanatory.
PAPER II: PRACTICAL
WORK A D PROJECT WORK (30 Marks)
Candidates will be
required to undertake the following Practical work and Project
work . 1. Practical Work (i) Drawing of scales: linear,
graphic scales showing primary and secondary divisions;
representative fractions and statement of scale methods. (ii)
Drawing of cross-section or profiles of important contours,
viz. ridge, plateau, escarpment, valley, conical hill, types
of slope, sea cliffs, waterfalls, spurs, by using vertical
exaggeration and horizontal equivalent. (iii) Understanding
and illustrating location references of SOI maps. (iv) Map
reading and interpretation of survey of India maps: Study will
be based on representative portions of any three topographical
sheets. It will include the description of location, extent,
relief features, drainage, land use, settlement patterns,
communications and inferences about human occupations and
stage of economic development of the area. (v) Introduction to
Geographic Information System: Elements of visual
interpretation of remote sensing maps/ images. Colour
significance in the image and true colour (false colour
composition): texture; size; shape; shadow; association.
(Reference material Wikipedia, Google.earth, IIRS
Hyderabad). (vi) Elementary principles of surveying an area:
preparing two plans of school compound and/or a small area
using Plane table/ GPS. 51 2. Project Work (Assignment) Local
field surveys on any one of the following will be submitted as
Project Report. The length of project report will be 15-20
written pages, excluding photographs, maps, diagrams and
sketches. No extra credit will be given for computer based
maps or text. These surveys should be organized with a table
of contents, sample taken and statistical methods used,
interview schedule. The report should be organized
systematically and the conclusions should be clearly stated. (i)
Agricultural land use survey. Choose a district or
topographical map of an area 1: 250000 and make a sketch map
showing land use; compare the patterns of these.
Alternatively, a local village could be chosen and the fields
mapped from the cadastral map with information on the crops
grown in different seasons and the location of the village,
its roads and landmarks, if any. (ii) Household survey of
about 30-60 households of a village or locality. Family size,
age structure, educational background, occupation, involvement
of men and women in economic activity, educational service.
Draw conclusions to reflect the economic development of the
households. (iii) Amenity study. Study of hospitals in a city,
schools (school where you studied), post offices, municipal
zones within the city (blocks in a village study) reasons
for travel (based on the importance and demand for the place),
travel time, travel distance, mapping the hinterland of the
service. (iv) Study of a manufacturing industry or a self
employed person. Visit a manufacturing unit or self employed
person cycle or car repair shop, small fabricating unit,
factory if nearby and find out source of raw material,
supply routes, final product, areas where it is sent, manpower
strength and their organization. (v) Area development of a
multipurpose project impact on the region. Self-
explanatory.
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