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ELECTIVE SUBJECTS
HISTORY (851)
Aims:
1. To provide accurate
knowledge of the most significant events and personalities of
the period under study, in sequence and in context. 2. To
familiarize candidates with factual evidence upon which
explanations or judgments about the period must be founded.
3. To develop an understanding of the existence of problems
and relevance of evidence of explanations. 4. To develop the
capacity to marshal facts and evaluate evidence and to discuss
issues from a historical point of view. 5. To develop the
capacity to read historical views in the light of new evidence
or new interpretation of evidence. 6. To foster a sense of
historical continuity. 7. To encourage diminution of
ethnocentric prejudices and to develop a more international
approach to world history. 8. To develop the ability to
express views and arguments clearly using correct terminology
of the subject. 9. To familiarize candidates with various
types of historical evidence and to provide some awareness of
the problems involved in evaluating different kinds of source
materials.
CLASS XII
There will be one paper of
three hours duration of 100 marks divided into two parts. Part
I (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short answer questions
testing fundamental factual knowledge and understanding of the
entire syllabus. Part II (80 marks) will be divided into two
sections, Section A and Section B, each consisting of
five questions. Each question shall carry 16 marks. Candidates
will be required to attempt two questions from each Section
and one question from either Section A or Section B. A total
of five questions will be attempted from Part II. SECTIO A
MODER IDIA HISTORY 1. The Growth of Radical ationalism (at
theturn of the 20th
Century) (i) Causes of the
rise of radical nationalism.(ii) Theobjectives and programmes
of the radical nationalists; contribution of Tilak.(iii)
Impact of Curzon's policies; Partition of Bengal and
anti-Partition Movement, leading to the Swadeshi and Boycott
Movement. (iv) Split in the Congress (1907).General causes of
the rise of radicalnationalism: each cause should be
thoroughly explained. Explain the events,which accelerated its
growth: the Viceroyaltyof Curzon for example, culminating in
theanti-partition movement. This should bestudied from two
angles – as a movement in its own right, leading to the
Swadeshi andBoycott Movement, in some detail and asaggravating
the rift between the Moderates and ?ationalists using
radical means (very briefly). A veryshort account of the
events atSurat. (v) Revolutionary dispositions. The
growth of revolutionary dispositions should explain what
led to this development and concentrate on some
well-known organizations (e.g. Abhinav Bharat, Anushilan
Samiti). The Government attempts to woo the Moderates; a
brief look at the Act of 1909. 2. Communal Factors in Indian
Politics (1885-1919) (i) Factors contributing to the
rise of communalism. (ii) The role of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan
and the Aligarh School. Each of the factors contributing to
the rise of communalism should be explained in some depth.
Regarding Sayyid Ahmad Khan, both his positive and negative
contribution should be emphasized in the context of the
British change of policy towards Indian Muslims. (iii) Events
leading up to the foundation of the Muslim League (1906);
official attitude towards the League. The following events
should be studied in the context that a section of Muslim
leaders began to see themselves as a threatened minority: the
Hindi-Urdu controversy; the Shimla deputation with the Muslim
demands understood fully. The objectives of the League can be
taken from its constitution. A brief look at the British
encouragement of the League. (iv) Impact of the First World
War on Indian Politics. A brief account of why the Congress
decided to support the War effort; why the Congress decided to
re-admit the nationalists using aggressive means. A brief
account of the Home Rule League. The revolutionary movement in
India and abroad should be just touched upon, e.g. the Ghadar
Party’s efforts, mention of Madame Cama, etc. The
Congress-League Pact; the Montagu Declaration of 1917, and its
promises should be explained. 33 3. The years of Gandhian
Leadership of the ational Movement (i) The launching of the
passive resistance movement by Gandhi; background and main
features of the movement. A general background of the
development of Gandhian ideas of non-violence and satyagraha
in South Africa. Brief summaries of the three localised
satyagrahas: Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kaira district. (ii)
Montague-Chelmsford reforms; agitation against Rowlatt Act.
Jalianwala Bagh massacre (1919) and Gandhi's first
Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922). A general account of the
1919 Act with particular reference to dyarchy; the reasonsfor
the Rowlatt Act and its main features in brief – both these
should be seen as part of the dual policy followed by the
British. A general account of the satyagraha against the Act,
leading to the outrage at Jalianwala Bagh and the aftermath of
it on Punjab. The background to the launching of the
?on-Cooperation Movement should explain about the origin of
the Khilafat Movement, and why Gandhi decided to support it,
as well as redress of the Punjab wrongs. There should be a
connected chronological account of the progress of the
Movement until its suspension after Chauri Chaura. (iii)
Suspension of Non-Cooperation and formation of the Swaraj
party - contribution of Swarajists (1922-1927). A very brief
account of the differences between the pro-changers and
no-changers; a general account of the foundation, electoral
success and activities of the Swaraj Party with a quick
critical appraisal. (iv) Simon Commission: its boycott and the
demand for Dominion status by 1929; Lahore session and
declaration of 'Poorna Swaraj' as the Congress objective. A
general chronological sequence should be followed: the reasons
for sending the Commission in 1927 as well as its boycott
should be briefly explained. A general account of the
agitation against the Commission as well as a very brief
account of the ?ehru Report. The Lahore Session should be set
against the expiry of the deadline by the Congress; the main
points of the Poorna Swaraj Resolution. (v) The second Civil
Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): main features; the Round
Table Conference in London; deliberations and outcome. A
general, chronological account; however, some mention must be
made of the main features of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The 1st
and 2nd
Round Table Conferences can
be put very briefly in context. The resumption of the
Movement, the Poona Pact (in the context of the Communal
Award) should be touched upon. (vi) An appraisal of Gandhi's
contribution to the freedom movement. Critical assessment of
Gandhi’s role in the Freedom Movement – his methodology
(Satyagraha, ?on- iolence, mass participation, etc.). 4. The
Last Phase (1935-1947) (i) Important political developments:
growth of socialist ideas, trade union activities, Kisan Sabha
movement; increasing interest by Congress in world affairs;
States Peoples’ struggle. Growth of communalism. Participation
of women in the national movement. These developments can be
done briefly; the growth of communalism in the 1930s with the
demand for a separate State for Muslims (the idea of Pakistan)
should be done in more detail. Women’s awareness and
participation in the ?ational Movement to be studied. (ii)
1935 Act and provincial autonomy: Congress ministries; rift
between Congress and the League; split in the Congress;
Forward Block; growth of communalism; August offer of 1940;
Jinnah's two-nation theory. The 1935 Act can be briefly
covered, except for Provincial Autonomy which should be
explained in a little more detail. A critical account of the
election of 1937 and Congress 34 ministries. A brief look at
the growing rift between the Congress and the Muslim League;
the rift which led to the ousting of Subhash Bose should be
done briefly. The outbreak of World War II and the resignation
of the Congress ministries, the deadlock up to the August
offer should be covered briefly. (iii) National Movement
during the Second World War: failure of Cripps Mission; Quit
India resolution; arrest of Congress leaders; violent public
reaction; Government repression of revolt of 1942; Subhash
Chandra Bose and the INA. Reasons for sending the Cripps
Mission should be briefly explained along with the general
points of his proposals. Reasons for the rejection of his
proposals should lead directly to the Quit India Resolution
and the reasons behind it. A compact account of the movement,
its repression and a brief analysis of its significance is
needed. Subhash Bose: his escape and years in Germany should
be touched upon; also the background in South East Asia (the
IIL/I?A); his revival of the I?A should be emphasized, a brief
account of its operations and eventual defeat. A brief look at
its significance. (iv) Post-war struggle (1945-1947): changed
attitude of British Government; the Cabinet Mission Plan
proposals; Congress and League reaction; direct action by
League; communal riots; Atlee's declaration of 1947; the
Mountbatten Plan; partition and independence. Changes in the
attitude of the British government after World War II – Wavell
Plan and its failure: Cabinet Mission – major provisions.
Election to the Constituent Assembly and the results –
controversy between Congress and League over the question of
grouping – Muslims League’s Direct action and boycott of
Constituent Assembly – communal riots. League’s decision to
join Interim Government. 1947: Atlee’s Declaration of 20th
February 1947; arrival of
Mountbatten – Mountbatten Plan – main features: acceptance of
the Plan by major political parties; Indian Independence
Act: main features. Reasons why the Congress accepted
partition. 5. Post Independence India (1947- 1962) (i)
Problems of partition: causes of dispute with Pakistan. The
following problems should be discussed generally. The refugee
problem, the transfer of assets and the river waters dispute;
origin of the Kashmir problem. The role of Sardar Patel in
reorganisation and integration of states with special
reference to Junagarh, Hyderabad. (ii) Foreign policy: Reasons
for following the policy of Non- Alignment. Reasons for
following a non-aligned policy in the context of the Cold War
to be discussed briefly. The Panchsheel and Bandung
Conferences should be touched upon; theearly years of the ?AM
and its main aims. SECTIO B ASPECTS OF WORLD HISTORY I THE
20TH
CETURY 6. Fascism and azism
(i) Post-War discontent and the rise to power of Benito
Mussolini. Each of the conditions which gave rise to Fascism
should be done in detail. A brief chronological account of the
events which brought Mussolini to power from the election of
1921 to the march on Rome in October 1922. (ii) Main features
of Mussolini's domestic policy: introduction and assessment of
the Fascist State. Detailed critical appraisal of Mussolini’s
policies (particularly his economic policy). (iii) Germany:
problems facing the Weimar Republic. The background to the
creation of the Weimar Republic should be briefly
covered; the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic should be
covered in some detail, particularly the impact of the
depression. 35 (iv) Rise of Hitler to power and factors
assisting his rise. A quick summary of Hitler’s background;
his rise to power after his release from prison should be
covered chronologically, particularly the crucial year 1932,
and the backstage deal which helped him come to power,
legally. The reasons for his popularity among different groups
should be explained. (v) The Nazi State: from 1933 onwards.
After becoming chancellor, a brief account of the election
campaign, the Reichstag fire and its impact; outline of the
changes made by him in government, the cultural life and
education, army (the night of the long knives), the economy,
religious life, etc. The escalation of the campaign against
the Jews should be done in some detail, till the "Final
Solution". (vi) A brief comparison of the Fascist and Nazi
systems. Background to their rise, ideologies and objectives,
programmes and policies. 7. The Collapse of International
Order in the 1930s (i) Germany: Rearmament and Foreign Policy
from 1933-1939. As an introduction, the main aims of Hitler’s
foreign policy should be outlined: each of the events in his
foreign policy should be done in detail, along with its
significance. His final miscalculation over Poland should be
explained. (ii) Japan: predominance of aggressive nationalism,
militarism in the 1930s; expansion into China; anti-Comintern
pact with Germany; formation of the Axis Pact, events leading
to the attack on Pearl Harbour. The political, economic and
ideological reasons for the rise of militarism and the
expansion into China should be explained (emphasis should be
laid on the reasons for the attack on Manchuria and a
brief account of it). The subsequent development can be done
chronologically, emphasizing the declaration of a “?ew Order
in East Asia” and the 1937 invasion of China. The reasons
for the alliances with Italy and Germany should be briefly
explained, leading to the attack on Pearl Harbour. (iii)
Italy: aggressive nationalism; invasion of Abyssinia;
involvement in Spanish Civil War. Mussolini’s alliance with
Hitler and its consequences. A very brief account of
Mussolini’s aims; the bare outline of his foreign policy until
1935; the reasons for the invasion of Abyssinia should be
outlined and the account of the invasion and its significance
should be done in more detail. Subsequent developments can be
in chronological outline till his involvement in World War II
and his downfall. 8. The Second World War 1939 - 1945 (i)
Factors leading to the War: aggressive policy of Germany and
Japan; Anglo-French appeasement policies. Should be discussed
in some detail, showing how these aggressive policies made war
more likely and worldwide in scope. Appeasement: why Britain
and France chose to follow this policy and how it brought war
closer. (ii) Course of the War: Europe, Africa and Far East.
American entry and contribution. Main theatres of the War
should be done separately in chronological order; the main
battles can be done in more detail; El Alamein, Stalingrad,
Midway, the ?ormandy landings and the policy of "island
hopping" in the Pacific. The US contribution should be done
separately for Europe and the Pacific. (iii) Reasons for
the defeat of the Axis Powers. Each of the reasons for the
defeat of the Axis should be explained. 36 9. Tension
and Co-operation after the Second World War (i) Causes of the
Cold War. End of wartime unity; Yalta and Potsdam Conference;
rift widens - Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe (1945-1947).
The main points raised at the two post-War Conferences as well
as the major points of differences should be explained. A
general account of the Soviet expansion in East Europe until
1947 and the major causes of the Cold War should be done in
this context. (ii) The Cold War and rival Alliances: Truman
Doctrine; Marshall Plan; communist coup in Czechoslovakia;
Berlin Blockade; NATO; division of Germany; “thaw” in the Cold
War- how partial was it? Warsaw Pact (1953- 959); the Vietnam
War (1964-75); crisis in east-west relations; detente (1970s).
Each of the events referred to above should be done in some
detail; the two phases of the Vietnam War, the French and the
US involvement after the Tonkin Gulf incident. In the 1960-62
period, the U-2 affair and the Berlin Wall incident should be
mentioned; the Cuban Missile crisis should be done in detail –
the easing of tension can be done as a result of the crisis.
Only the outline of the reasons for détente and how it worked
should be done. (iii) Regional economic co-operation since
Second World War: EEC, ASEAN. The reasons for European
cooperation afterthe war; a brief outline of the events
leading to the Treaty of Rome. The basic structure of the EEC
(including later amendments); the expansion of the EEC in 1973
and in the 1980s. Only the membership and functions of ASEA?.
(iv) The UNO: General Assembly and SecurityCouncil; strengths
and weaknesses, need for restructuring and extent of success.
Changed nature of the U? since the 60s; General Assembly -
Uniting for Peace Resolution. Security Council - Peacekeeping
role: the following crises should be studied - Korea, Congo.
Critical estimate of U? - need to restructure, its major
weaknesses and failures. 10. The Middle East (i) Post War
conflict in Palestine after World War I, till the formation of
the state of Israel. A brief background of Arab nationalism
and Zionism in the late 19th
century. Impact of World War
I: the conflicting promises made to the Arabs, the Jews
(Balfour Declaration) and the Sykes-Picot Agreement. All these
need to be understood clearly. A general outline of events
from 1919 to the Arab Revolt of the late 1930s (the increased
immigration of Jews under the mandate and the resultant
conflict). The impact of World War II and the intensification
of the conflict against Britain’s decision to withdraw – the
U?O’s plan. Creation of Israel and the War of Liberation (a
chronological account should suffice here). (ii) The
Arab-Israeli Wars from 1948 to Camp David Accord. The
following conflicts should be studied – (1948-1949), the Suez
Crisis (1956), the Six Day War (1967), the Yom Kippur War
(1973), Sadat and the Camp David Accord (1979). For each of
these events, the causes and results should be done in some
detail. Events to be done very briefly. (iii) The war in
Lebanon. A general account of the war.
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