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POLITICAL SCIENCE (852)
Aims:
1. To enable candidates to
acquire knowledge (including information of facts, terms,
concepts, conventions, principles, generalization, assumption,
hypothesis) concerning Political Science. 2. To enable
candidates to apply acquired knowledge and understanding of
procedures and the practices of governance in unfamiliar
situations. 3. To develop an understanding of meanings and
implications of the aforesaid items. 4. To develop an interest
in the problems related to the structure of governments and
political life of the people of one's country and those
of the world. 5. To develop positive attitudes necessary for
developing a broader outlook.
CLASS XII
There will be one paper of
three hours duration of 100 marks divided into two parts. Part
I (30 marks) will consist of compulsory short answer
questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating
to elementary/ fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.
Part II (70 marks) will be divided into two sections A & B.
Candidates will be required to answer two questions out of
three from Section A and three questions out of five from
Section B. Each question in this part shall carry 14 marks.
SECTION A
1. Classification of States
Early classification. A classification of modern states. Early
classification: Reference to the views of Plato, Pindar,
Herodotus, Thucydides - the triple classification of States
outlined by them as Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy.
Improving upon the old classification by Aristotle.
Aristotle's classification of States - a critical evaluation
of Aristotle's classification. Modern classification:
classification suggested by J.A.R. Marriot, Burgess,
Stephen Leacock. Classification of governments under despotic
and democratic heads and its further classification. C. F.
Strong’s five main criteria of classification based on: the
nature of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. 2.
Modern States Totalitarian and Authoritarian States, Unitary
and Federal States, Federation and Confederation.
Pre-requisites of a Federation. Future of Federalism.
Parliamentary and Presidential form of government.
Features, merits and demerits of these governments. Under
classification of Modern States - totalitarian and
authoritarian governments. Liberal democracy - features,
merits and demerits. Unitary and federal. Federation and
confederation. Essentials or pre-requisites of a federation,
such as, written and rigid constitution. Supreme position of
the constitution, division of power. Impartial supreme
judiciary, double citizenship, bicameralism, etc. Essential
conditions for the successful working of a federation such as
- the desire for union and not for unity. Geographical
contiguity, absence of inequality among the units. Political
education of the people, alert political parties, etc. Future
of federalism - growing tendencies towards unitary
federalism due to factors like emergencies of war, terrorism,
economic planning. Modern communication and transport
facilities, etc. References to India, U.SA. and U.K.
Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government:
Definitions, features, merits, demerits. Recent trends with
reference to India, U.SA. and U.K. 3. Constitution Meaning,
kinds, written and unwritten. Rigid and flexible
constitutions. Merits and demerits. Meaning, written and
unwritten, rigid and flexible, merits and demerits.
SECTION B
4. The Separation of Powers
The theory of separation of powers - its application to modern
governments - is separation desirable and practicable? The
theory of separation of powers with special reference to
Montesquieu's views. Critical evaluation of the theory. The
theory of Checks and Balances – meaning with reference to
U.S.A., India and U.K. – relevance of the theory in modern
times. 5. Franchise and Representation Suffrage - who should
be entitled to vote? Adult franchise; duties of a
representative; modes of election; constituency; minority
representation. Political parties; two party system; multiple
party system; functional representation. Franchise and
representation: Who should be entitled to vote? Adult
franchise - meaning, merits and demerits. Methods of election:
direct, indirect. Constituencies: meaning, kinds - single
member, multiple member constituency - merits and demerits.
Minority representation - meaning, kinds. Duties of a
representative. Cumulative vote system. Second ballot system.
Political parties - meaning, definition, role or functions in
a democratic set up. Kinds - bi-party, multi-party
system - meaning, functions, merits and demerits. Reference to
Indian, British and American political parties. Proportional
representation - meaning. Single transferable vote system and
list system. Functional representation - meaning, merits and
demerits. 6. Organs of the Government (i) The Legislature
Functions of legislature; structure of legislature. The
legislature in India, U.S.A. and U.K. - a comparative study.
Meaning, functions and structure of the legislature,
legislative procedure. The legislatures in U.K., India and
U.S.A. Composition, powers and positions of the legislatures
in these three countries - a comparative study. Composition
and powers of House of Commons and House of Lords, House of
Representatives and the Senate, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Are
parliaments the true representatives of the electorate in
developing countries or merely talking shops? The decline of
the position of the legislature in modern times. (ii) The
Executive Functions; types of executive. The Civil Services.
Difference between the political executive and the permanent
executive. Executive in India, U.S.A. and U.K. - a comparative
study. Meaning, types and functions of the executive. Meaning
and role of Civil Services. Difference between the political
and permanent executive. Recent growth of executive powers.
Executive in India, U.K. and U.S.A. - a comparative study. The
role of the Queen of England. The appointment of the
Presidents of India and America - powers, functions and
positions of executive heads of India, U.K. and U.S.A. (iii)
The Judiciary Organisation of the Judiciary; importance of
Judiciary. Functions of Judiciary. Conditions of independence
of Judiciary. Relation of the Judiciary, the Legislature and
the Executive. Judicial Review. Judiciary in India, U.K. and
U.S.A. - a comparative study. Meaning and importance of
judiciary; functions of judiciary; conditions of independence
of judiciary; relationship between the judiciary and
legislature; relationship between the judiciary and
executive. The rule of law and a brief reference to
Administrative Courts. The Judicial Review - meaning, its
application in the U.K., India and U.S.A. Judiciary in the
U.K., India and U.S.A. – composition, powers and position. The
apex courts in the U.K., India and U.S.A. Indian Supreme
Court. American Supreme Court. House of Lords as the apex
court in U.K. 7. Democracy in India – a perspective of the
challenges faced. (i) Social and Economic Inequality. Social
inequality: untouchability; problems faced by women;
illiteracy; impact of social inequalities on the democratic
system. Economic inequality: poverty and unemployment; causes
of poverty and unemployment; impact of economic inequality on
the democratic system; measures to eradicate economic
inequality. (ii) Regional Imbalance. Meaning and causes of
regional imbalance; consequences of the regional disparities;
different measures for removing regional imbalances. (iii)
Communalism, Casteism, Separatism, Political Violence.
Communalism: meaning and causes; impact of communalism on
India’s democratic system; measures to combat communalism.
Casteism: basis of the caste system; evil effects of casteism;
impact of casteism on India’s democratic system. Separatism:
meaning; different separatist movements in India; measures to
stop separatist tendencies. Political Violence: major forms or
patterns of violence in India; politicisation of crime leading
to political violence; major violent movements in India;
measures to stop violence.
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